Last Updated: Fri Jul 30 14:32:11 UTC 2010

SAM System Mobility
Russian and PLA Air Defence System
Vehicles

Technical Report APA-TR-2008-0601


by Dr Carlo Kopp, SMAIAA, MIEEE, PEng
June, 2008
Updated, July 2010
Text © 2008, 2009 Carlo Kopp



S-300PMU 5P85DU TEL



Background


The subject of  Air Defence System Transporter Erector Launcher and Radar (TELAR), Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) and TransLoader (TL) vehicles receives far less attention in defence analysis than it merits.

Perhaps the most famous quote by Generaloberst Heinz Wilhelm 'Schnelle Heinz' Guderian is: "Der Motor des Panzers ist ebenso seine Waffe wie die Kanone" i.e. "The engine of a tank is as much a weapon as the cannon". The corollary of Guderian's saying is simply that "the mobility of a SAM or SPAAG system is as important as the lethality of its missile or gun system".

Mobility matters for two reasons, the first being battlespace mobility or the ability of the system to "shoot and scoot" evading defence suppression weapons, and the second being the system's deployability or ability to redeploy locally, across a theatre, or between theatres.

Unlike Integrated Air Defence Systems (IADS) of the past which relied heavily on fixed communications landlines, or fixed microwave repeater links, modern systems are linked by radiofrequency, typically microwave or VHF/UHF, datalinks or indeed networks. The principal determinant of the system's mobility and deployability is then the design of the vehicles carrying the system.

Broadly air defence weapons can be divided into fixed, semi-mobile, and mobile systems.

Fixed systems are typically installed on concrete pads or other hardened or semihardened structures. This strategy of air defence weapon deployment is largely extinct due to the lethality of anti-radiation missiles and other weapons deployed by SEAD/DEAD tasked combat aircraft.

Semi-mobile systems are typically moved by road, with launchers and other components carried by trailers, or built as trailers. Such systems will take between 30 minutes and several hours to deploy or stow, and are characteristic of 1960s technology Soviet PVO weapons. Like fixed systems, their survivability has proven to be poor, as evidenced by losses in Vietnam, the Middle East, Operation Desert Storm and Operation Allied Force. Nevertheless, the large number of legacy Soviet systems in use indicates that such weapons will still be encountered.

Fully mobile systems may be road mobile, or off-road mobile, the former using wheeled vehicles, the latter wheeled or tracked vehicles. In general tracked vehicles have better survivability than wheeled vehicles against the full range of air delivered weapons, and land force weapons.

In general tracked vehicles provide by far the best off road mobility, due to the low surface loading of tracks, the ability to perform pivot turns, and the ability to scale obstacles and cross ditches. The drawbacks of tracked vehicles are often considerably higher operating costs, longer time to repair a broken track compared to a punctured wheel, and usually lower roadspeed. Often tracked vehicles will be heavier than their wheeled counterparts, limiting options in airlift.

Where off road mobility is not regarded to be critical, military trucks and tow tractors in the 10 to 20 tonne class have been used most frequently for this purpose, often towing the air defence weapon in a semitrailer or trailer arrangement.

The compromise between tracked and standard truck based systems are specialised high off road mobility vehicles purposed designed for the carriage of missiles. The 8 x 8 and 6 x 6 vehicles produced by MAZ/MZKT over the last five decades represent the best example.

The MAZ-543 family of 8 x 8 heavy trucks has been used to carry ballistic missiles, ground launched strategic cruise missiles, antiship cruise missiles, air defence gun systems, air defence missile systems, as well as the Soviet High Energy Laser Directed Energy Weapon system. It has also been used to carry or tow a number of different radar systems, and associated mast systems.

These webpages are intended to provide a basic reference covering the most widely used vehicles in this application.


Russian and PLA Air Defence System Mobility Summary

Mobility Category: Highly Mobile
Mobile
Semi-Mobile
Static
Stow/Deploy Time:
 2-10 min
10-60 min
60-120 min
120+ min


  Surface to Air Missile System TEL / Radar Mobility









SAM System
Config
TEL/TELAR
TS/D [min] Engagement Radar
TS/D [min]
Acquisition Radars TS/D [min]








SA-2 Guideline/S-75/V-75 / HQ-2A
Warpac
Export
SM-90
300
SNR-75 Fan Song
300 P-12/18 Spoon Rest 45
HQ-2B Guideline
PLA
Export
Type 63
~5 SNR-75 Gin Sling
300 P-12/18 Spoon Rest 45
SA-3 Goa / S-125
Warpac
Export
5P73 120
SNR-125 Low Blow
120
P-15 Flat Face
20
SA-3 Goa / S-125
Warpac
Export
5P73 120
SNR-125 Low Blow 120
P-12/18 Spoon Rest 45
SA-3 Goa / Pechora M Export 5P73 80 SNR-125 Low Blow 80 Kasta 2E1 Flat Face 20
SA-3 Goa / Pechora 2M/2TM
Export MZKT-8022
25
SNR-125/UNV-2T Low Blow/MZKT-8022 20
Kasta 2E1 Flat Face 20
SA-4 Ganef / 2K11
Warpac
~5
1S32 Pat Hand
~5 P-40/1S12  Long Track ~5
SA-5 Gammon / S-200
Warpac
Export
5P72
24 hr 5N62 Square Pair
~24 hr 5N84 Tall King 24 hr
SA-6 Gainful / 2K12
Warpac
Export
2P25
5 1S91 Straight Flush
5 P-15 Flat Face
20
SA-6 Gainful / 2K12
Warpac
2P25 5 1S91 Straight Flush 5 P-40/1S12 Long Track ~5
SA-8A/B Gecko / 9K33
Warpac
Export
9А33Б
<5
Land Roll




SA-8A/B Gecko / 9K33
Warpac 9А33БМ2
<5
Land Roll


SA-10A Grumble /S-300P/PT
Warpac 5P85
>5
5N63 Flap Lid A / 40V6M
120 ST-68U Tin Shield
5N66 Clam Shell / 40V6M
60
120
SA-10B  Grumble / S-300PS
Warpac 5P85S/D
5 5N63S Flap Lid B
5
ST-68U Tin Shield
5N66 Clam Shell / 40V6M
60
120
SA-10C Grumble / S-300PMU
Export 5P85SU/DU 5 30N6E Flap Lid C
5
ST-68U Tin Shield
5N66 Clam Shell / 40V6M
60
120
SA-11 Gadfly / 9K37
Warpac
Export
9A38/310
5
9S35 Fire Dome
5 9S18 Tube Arm 5
SA-12 Gladiator/Giant/ 9K81/S-300V Warpac 9A82
9A83
5
5
9S32 Grill Pan
5
9S15 Bill Board
9S19 High Screen
5
5
SA-15 Gauntlet/ Tor M/M1
Warpac
Export
9A330/331
0.25
Scrum Half
0.25

SA-15 Gauntlet / Tor M2E
Export MZKT-6922 0.25 PESA
0.25

SA-17 Grizzly /Buk M1-2/M2 Export 9A38/310 5
9S35M Fire Dome
5 9S18M1 Snow Drift 5
SA-19 Grison / 2S6M
Warpac
Export
GM352 0
1RL144 Hot Shot
0


SA-20 Gargoyle /S-300PM/PMU1 Warpac
Export
5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E/E1 Tomb Stone
5
64N6E Big Bird
ST-68U Tin Shield
76N6 Clam Shell / 40V6M
5
60
120
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU1 Export 5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E1 Tomb Stone 5
64N6E Big Bird
96L6E Cheese Board
5
5
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU1 Export 5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E1 Tomb Stone 5
64N6E Big Bird
67N6 Gamma DE
5
5
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU1 Export 5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E1 Tomb Stone 5 64N6E Big Bird
59N6 Protivnik GE
5
15
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU2
Export 5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E2 Tomb Stone 5
64N6E Big Bird
ST-68U Tin Shield
76N6 Clam Shell
5
60
120
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU2 Export 5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E2 Tomb Stone 5
64N6E Big Bird
96L6E Cheese Board
5
5
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU2 PVO
Export
5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E2 Tomb Stone 5
64N6E Big Bird
67N6 Gamma DE
5
5
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU2 PVO
Export
5P85SE
5P85TE
5
5
30N6E2 Tomb Stone 5 64N6E Big Bird
59N6 Protivnik GE
5
15
SA-21 / S-400
PVO
Export
5P85SE2
5P85TE2
5
5
92N6E Grave Stone
5
91N6E Big Bird
96L6E Cheese Board
5
5
SA-21 / S-400 PVO
Export
5P85SE2
5P85TE2
5
5
92N6E Grave Stone 5 91N6E Big Bird
96L6E Cheese Board
67N6 Gamma DE
5
5
5
SA-21 / S-400 PVO
Export
5P85SE2
5P85TE2
5
5
92N6E Grave Stone 5 91N6E Big Bird
96L6E Cheese Board
59N6 Protivnik GE
5
5
15
SA-22 / Pantsir S1
PVO
Export
KAMAZ-6560
GM352
0-5
Phazotron PESA
0-5


SA-23 / 9K81M/ S-300VM
PVO-SV
9A82M
9A83M
5
5
9S32M Grill Pan 5 9S15M Bill Board
9S19M High Screen
5
5








SA-3 Goa / Pechora 2M Export



Vostok E 8
SA-3 Goa / Pechora 2M Export



1L13 Nebo SV 40
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU2
SA-21 / S-400
Export



1L119 Nebo SVU 40
SA-20 Gargoyle / S-300PMU2
SA-21 / S-400
Export



55Zh6 Nebo UE Tall Rack ~24 hr


Russian and PLA Air Defence System Vehicles


S-300P [SA-10/20]/S-400 [SA-21] Air Defence System Vehicles

S-300V [SA-12]/S-300VM [SA-23] Air Defence System System Vehicles

Legacy Soviet and PLA Strategic and Area Defence System Vehicles

Soviet and PLA Point Defence System Vehicles

HQ-9/FD-2000 Air Defence System Vehicles

Russian and PLA Air Defence Radar Vehicles


Resources

  1. С-125 (SA-3, Goa), зенитная ракетная система, ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ, Федеральный электронный справочник вооружения и военной техники  / Вооружение и военная техника ПВО, URL: http://www.arms-expo.ru/site.xp/049051051056124052048051048.html
  2. Зенитный ракетный комплекс С-125 «Печора-2А», ГСКБ "Алмаз-Антей", URL: http://www.raspletin.ru/produce/adms/s125pechora2a/
  3. «Оса», (9К33, SA-8, SA-8A, Gecko) зенитный ракетный комплекс
  4. The OSA anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol".
  5. The TOR-M1 anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol".
  6. The TOR-M2E anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol".
  7. Miroslav Gyürösi, Russian companies team to develop wheeled Tor-M2E , Jane's Missiles & Rockets, October 01, 2007.
  8. Pantsir-S1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System, KBP Instrument Design Bureau, 59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001 Tula, Russia.
  9. Tunguska-M1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System, KBP Instrument Design Bureau, 59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001 Tula, Russia.
  10. 30 mm 2A38M Automatic Anti-Aircraft Gun, KBP Instrument Design Bureau, 59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001 Tula, Russia.
  11. Phazotron Shlem air defence radar system, Phazotron NIIR.
  12. Martin Rosenkranz, MAKS 2007 Spezial: Pantsir-S1 (SA-22), Russlands neuestes Flugabwehrsystem.
  13. PGZ95 Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery, Chinese Defence Today.
  14. HQ-7 (FM-80) Surface-to-Air Missile System, Chinese Defence Today.
  15. HQ-61A Surface-to-Air Missile, Chinese Defence Today.
  16. Schamiloglu E, High Power Electromagnetic Threats to the Civilian Infrastructure -  A New Concern for a New Age, IFIS Briefing, November, 2004, URL: http://www.ece.unm.edu/ifis/papers/CyberSecurity.ppt .
  17. Air Power Australia  - May 2008 - High Energy Laser Directed Energy Weapons
  18. ГСКБ "Алмаз-Антей", Лазерные технологии, 125190, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, Ленинградский проспект,  д. 80, корпус 16.
  19. Australian Aviation  - October 1995 - 76N6 Clam Shell Acquisition Radar Revealed (S-300PMU/SA-10)
  20. Australian Aviation  - October 2003 -Asia's New SAMs Pt.1 (S-300PMU/SA-10)
  21. Australian Aviation  - November 2003 -Asia's New SAMs Pt.2 (S-400/SA-20, S-300V/SA-12)
  22. The International Assessment and Strategy Center -  February 25th,  2006 -  Almaz S-300 – China's “Offensive” Air Defense
  23. RusArmy.com - Видео ПВО России  [Video of Russian PVO] S-300PMU footage (Highly Recommended)
  24. OAO Koncern PVO Almaz-Antey [Manufacturer's site in Russian] ГСКБ "Алмаз-Антей", 125190, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, Ленинградский проспект, д. 80, корпус 16.
  25. S-200 / SA-5 Gammon - http://www.s-200.de/
  26. ЗЕНИТНАЯ РАКЕТНАЯ СИСТЕМА С-200 - http://pvo.guns.ru/s200/index.htm
  27. Modernizacje zestawu przeciwlotniczego S-125 "Newa" - http://darek64.neostrada.pl/newa.htm
  28. JSC Defence Systems - http://www.defensys.ru/proizvodstvo21_eng.html
  29. Мытищинский машиностроительный завод (Metrovagonmash), Тунгуска-М1 на шасси ГМ-5975 - http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/gm5975t.htm
  30. Мытищинский машиностроительный завод (Metrovagonmash), Бук-М1-2 на шасси ГM-569 - http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/gm569t.htm
  31. Мытищинский машиностроительный завод (Metrovagonmash),  Top-М1 на шасси ГМ-5955 - http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/gm5955t.htm
  32. Система ПВО "Фаворит", ГСКБ "Алмаз-Антей", URL: http://www.raspletin.ru/produce/adms/s300pmu2/




  S-400 5P85TE2 TEL towed by a 6 x 6 BAZ-64022.


Technical Report APA-TR-2008-0601



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