• Introduction
• Air Launched Cruise Missiles
  • Kh-22 Burya / AS-4 Kitchen
  • KSR-2/KSR-11 / AS-5 Kelt
  • KSR-5 / AS-6 Kingfish
  • Kh-55/RKV-500A / 55OK / 55SM/RKV-500B / AS-15 Kent Cruise Missile
• Surface/Subsurface Launched Cruise Missiles
  • 4K40/4K51 P-15/P-21/P-27 Termit / SS-N-2 / SSC-3 Styx
    • 4K40/4K51 Rubezh Coastal Defence System
  • P-5/4K48 / P-6/4K44/ P-35/4K88 / SS-N-3 / SSC-1 Sepal/Shaddock
    • 4K44B Redut / 4K44 Utyos / SSC-1B Sepal Coastal Defence Systems
  • P-70 / 4K66 Ametist / SS-N-7 Starbright
  • P-120 / 4K85 Malakhit / SS-N-9 Siren
  • P-500 / 4K77 / 4K80 Bazalt / SS-N-12 Sandbox
  • P-1000 / 3M70 Vulkan / SS-N-12 Mod 2 Sandbox
  • P-700 / 3K45 Granit / SS-N-19 Shipwreck
  • P-270 / 3M80/3M82/Kh-41 Moskit E/E1/MVE / SS-N-22 Sunburn
  • 3M24/Kh-35E/UE Uran / AS-20 / SS-N-25 Switchblade
    • Bal E Coastal Defence System
  • P-800 3K55/Kh-61 Oniks/Yakhont / SS-N-26 Stallion
  • PJ-10 Brahmos A/S / SS-N-26 Stallion
    • Bastion E Coastal Defence System
  • S-10 / 3M-10 / RK-55 Granat / SS-N-21 Sampson
  • P-900 / 3M54E/AE/E1/AE1 / 3M14E/AE Klub/Kalibr / SS-N-27 Sizzler
    • Air Launch 3M-54 Club Variants
    • Coastal Defence 3M-54 Club Variants
• References

Introduction

Soviet cruise missile designers started developing technology after 1945, from much the same baseline as Western designers, and with similar imperatives. These were to provide bombers with standoff weapons allowing them to launch from outside the defensive coverage of an opponent. By the mid 1950s Soviet imperatives and design strategies began to diverge strongly from their NATO opponents, resulting in a great many designs which had and still have no Western equivalents.

A major factor in the divergence between Soviet and Western designs was the Soviet Voenno-Moskiy Flot (Navy) which in the absence of proper aircraft carriers capable of challenging the US Navy and Royal Navy, invested increasingly in large, fast and highly lethal Anti-Shipping Cruise Missiles (ASCM) as primary weapon for sea control and maritime interdiction. The result of this divergent evolution were parallel missile families, involving air launched and ship/sub launched missiles, many of which were built for strategic or tactical nuclear applications, with concurrently manufactured conventionally armed ASCM variants.

The threat of large supersonic cruise missiles drove the development of many Western air defence weapon designs, especially fighters and Surface to Air Missile systems, which might have been very different had it not been for the need to reliably intercept these very fast weapons.

The first Soviet cruise missile to enter limited production was the air launched KS-1 Kometa or AS-1 Kennel, which was essentially a derivative of the MiG-15 Fagot airframe, built as an anti-shipping weapon. Development was initiated in 1947 resulting the first missiles entering service during the Korean War period, carried by the Tu-4 Bull, a reverse engineered Boeing B-29. The Tu-4KS variant was equipped with the K-1M X-band radar and provided beam riding midcourse guidance for the Kometa ASCM. Once the Kometa was near enough to the target, guidance switched to the K-2 semi-active homing seeker in the nose of the missile, relying on illumination from the K-1M radar.

The KS-1 Kometa / AS-1 Kennel was the first Soviet cruise missile to be manufactured in large numbers. It was deployed initially on the Tu-4KS Bull, a reverse engineered Boeing B-29, and then rehosted on the Tu-16KS Badger B (RuMoD).

The Kometa was integrated on the early Tu-16KS Badger B bomber, and later exported to Badger users including Indonesia. A land attack variant, designated by NATO as the SSC-2A Salish, and the coastal defence SSC-2B Samlet, later emerged.

The development of the KS-1 series was paralleled by the development of the V-MF’s P-1 / KSShCh or SS-N-1 Scrubber, which in turn led to the first two significant Soviet naval ASCMs, the NPO Mashinostroyeniya P-5/P-6/P-35 or SS-N-3 Shaddock/Sepal series, and the P-15/21 Termit or SS-N-2 Styx series.

The P-1 / SS-N-1 entered service in 1957 and was deployed in rail launcher equipped hangars, launched by solid rocket booster and using a turbojet sustainer engine. A number of larger Soviet destroyers and cruisers were equipped with the weapon. It was rapidly replaced by the much more effective Shaddock, entering service in 1957, and modeled largely on the US Navy’s Regulus II supersonic cruise missile.

Air Launched Cruise Missiles

Kh-22 Burya / AS-4 Kitchen

Outboard glove station BD-45K adaptors are used to carry a pair of external Kh-22 rounds on the Backfire C variant (via Wikipedia).

Tu-95K-22 Bear G strategic cruise missile carrier with three Kh-22 rounds (Soviet MoD).

Dal'naya Aviatsiya Tu-95K-22 Bear G strategic cruise missile carrier on patrol during the late Cold War period (US DoD).

KSR-2/KSR-11 / AS-5 Kelt

The Soviet Navy liked the K-10S / AS-2 Kipper but wanted a shorter ranging, lighter and cheaper weapon to replace the Kennel. This weapon was the Raduga KSR-2 or AS-5A Kelt, an Isayev S5.6.0000 liquid rocket powered design with a range of around 100 nautical miles, armed with a 1 tonne class warhead. In many respects the Kelt is the equivalent of the Styx, using much the same technology, but with a different airframe design. The Kelt was progressively retrofitted to the Soviet fleet of Tu-16KS Badgers, seeing them converted to the Tu-16K-16 Badger G configuration, armed with two Kelts.

The Kelt was supplied as land attack variants either with a 1 Megatonne warhead, or an FK-11 explosive warhead, an ASCM with a Ku-band KS-2M active radar seeker, and evolved into the KSR-11 or AS-5B anti-radiation missile. The KSR-11 saw numerous changes, including a 2PRG-10 anti-radiation seeker, S2.72 powerplant, and an FA-11 explosive or FK-2 shaped charge warhead.

All variants typically flew a level cruise profile descending into a 25 degree dive to impact. Badger armed with the KSR-11 were designated the Tu-16K-11/K-11-16 and fitted with the Ritsa homing receiver. KSR-2 Kelts were targeted with the Rubin-1 Short Horn attack radar.

Variants
KSR-2 / KSR-2N / KS-11	Active radar inertially guided ASCM.
KSR-2M	Inertially guided with nuclear warhead.
KSR-11/KSR-2P	Antiradiation variant.
Specifications
Разработчик	ОКБ-2-155 (МКБ "Радуга")
Длина, м	8,59-8,65
Диаметр, м	1,0-1,22
Размах, м	4,6
Высота ракеты, м	1,75
БЧ	спец. 1 Мт, фугас.-кумм ФК-2, фугас. с акт.обол. ФК-2Н
Вес БЧ, кг	684 / 850
Система наведения	ИНС + АРЛГСН КС-11М / ИНС + ПРЛГСН 2ПРГ-10
Высота полета, км	1,5-10
Дальность стрельбы, км	170-220 (70-150)
Высота применения, км	до 9 (1,5-10)
Скорость полета, км/ч	1250 (0,9М - 1,2М)
Двигатель	ЖРД С2.72
Топливо / Окислитель	ТГ-02 / АК-20Ф
Тип ПУ	БД-487
Самолет-носитель	Ту-16К-11-16, Ту-16К-26, Ту-16К-26П, Ту-16КСР-2-5 / Ту-16К-11-16, Ту-16К-26
Source: http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/pkr/ksr2.html

A KSR-2 / AS-5 Kelt being released from a Tu-16 Badger (AV-MF).



Trials Tu-16K Badger G with two KSR-2 Kelt rounds.

Above, below: Egyptian AF Tu-16K-16 Badger Gs armed with a KSR-11 / SA-5B Kelt antiradiation missiles.

KSR-5 / AS-6 Kingfish

The Tu-22M Backfire / Kh-22 Kitchen armed the “sharp end” of Soviet naval and tactical nuclear strike forces, but the AV-MF wanted a supersonic replacement for the increasingly less survivable Tu-16K Badger / KSR-2 Kelt weapon system. The result was the Raduga KSR-5 or AS-6 Kingfish.

The Kingfish was essentially a scaled down Kitchen, with less range and launch weight, but similar performance and lethality. It used the Isayev S5.33 engine, rated at 7,100 kp, based on the S5.44 in the Kitchen, and used similar airframe construction and inertial, active radar and anti-radiation guidance systems.

The baseline missile was equipped with a VS-KN active radar seeker, a BSU-7 autopilot, and a 700 kg 9-A-52 shaped charge warhead. The internal tanks carried 1010 litres of AK-20P oxidiser and 660 litres of TG-02 fuel. The KSR-5P anti-radiation variant used a VSP-K anti-radiation seeker and BSU-7N autopilot, entering production in 1973.

The Kingfish was carried by Tu-16K-11-26 Badger G equipped with the Leninetz Rubin-1K Short Horn attack radar under nose, and the Tu-16K-26, Tu-16K-10-26, and Tu-16K-10-26B Badger C (Mod) variants. The Leninetz Rubin-1KV Short Horn attack radar was retrofitted. 

Some Badger Gs were also retrofitted with the Rubin-1M or ME with a much enlarged antenna/radome assembly under the engine inlets, this arrangement doubling search range to 240 nautical miles.

The KSR-5 was carried under one wing on the BD-487 adaptor, the missile being that much heavier than the Kelt that only one could be carried on a typical profile. 

Post 1991 with the retirement of the Badger, the KSR-5 warstock was converted into supersonic targets.

Variants
KSR-5/D-5	Active radar inertially guided ASCM.
KSR-5N/D-5N	Active radar inertially guided ASCM with low altitude flight profile.
KSR-5NM	Improved active radar inertially guided ASCM with low altitude flight profile.
KSR-5M	Improved active radar inertially guided ASCM for low RCS targets.
KSR-5MV	Improved active radar inertially guided ASCM for low RCS targets.
KSR-5P	Antiradiation variant.
KSR-5PM	Improved antiradiation variant.
Specifications
Разработчик	ОКБ-2-155 (МКБ "Радуга")
Длина, м	10,52-10,56
Диаметр, м	0,9-0,92
Размах, м	2,5-2,6
Высота ракеты, м	3,952-4,5
БЧ	ОФ или термоядерная 350-500 кт
Вес БЧ, кг	700 (900-1000)
Система наведения	инерциальная + АРЛГСН / ПРЛГСН (КСР-5П)
Высота полета, км	25-30
Дальность стрельбы, км	240-300 (400)
Высота применения, км	0,5-11
Скорость полета, км/ч	3200 (3М)
Двигатель	ЖРД С5.33
Топливо / Окислитель	ТГ-02 / АК-20Ф
Тип ПУ	БД-352
Самолет-носитель	Ту-16К-26, Ту-16К10-26, Ту-95К-26, Ту-95М5 / Ту-16К-26П (КСР-5П)
Source: http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/pkr/ksr5.html

Tu-16K-10-26 Badger C armed with a single KSR-5 Kingfish (US DoD).

Tu-16K-11/K-11-16/K-16-26 Badger G with KSR-5 Kingfish in the distinctive white AV-MF camouflage paint (US DoD).

A pair of AV-MF Tu-16K-11-26P Badger G maritime defence suppression aircraft equipped with the Ritsa RHAW and KSR-5PM anti-radiation missiles. Note the inverted T shaped interferometer array above the glazed bombardier station, and the distinctive white AV-MF camouflage paint. This image is unusual as it shows the maximum loadout of two rounds, typically not carried due to range limitations (RuMoD).

AV-MF Tu-16K-16-26 Badger G maritime strike aircraft with pair of KSR-5 rounds (RuMoD).

Kh-55/RKV-500A / 55OK / 55SM/RKV-500B / AS-15 Kent Cruise Missile

China is known to have illegally acquired, in a joint operation with Iran, several examples of the Kh-55SM Kent cruise missile from storage in the Ukraine, including some ground equipment. The cost of the investment suggests an interest in partial or complete reverse engineering of this missile.

The Kh-55 family of cruise missiles owes its origins to a series of internal studies at the Raduga OKB during the early 1970s. Raduga were unsuccessful initially in convincing the Soviet leadership of the value of their concept, but this changed as public knowledge of the US AGM-86 Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM) program became better known in the Soviet Union.

Russian sources claim that Raduga's early work on these weapons was opposed by many Russian experts who were deeply sceptical of the viability of such a complex new weapon.

The Kh-55 family of weapons most closely resemble the early US BGM-109 Tomahawk in concept, using a cylindrical fuselage with pop out planar wings, unfolding tail control surfaces, and a ventral turbofan engine, with guidance provided by a TERrain COntour Matching (TERCOM) aided inertial navigation system.

The most visible difference between the Tomahawk and Kh-55 families of missiles is the engine installation. The Tomahawk's Williams F107-WR100 engine is embedded in the tail and uses a ventral inlet duct and tailcone exhaust. The Kh-55's Omsk AMKB TVD-50 two spool turbofan is mounted in a nacelle which is stowed in the aft fuselage and deploys via a ventral door on a pylon after launch.

The TVD-50 is a critical piece of technology in the Kh-55 as it is a compact and fuel efficient turbofan in the thrust and size class required to power cruise missiles, standoff missiles and UAVs. The cited thrust rating is 400 to 500 kp (880 to 1,000 lbf), with a dry mass of 95 kg (210 lb), a Specific Fuel Consumption of 0.65, a length of 0.85 m (33.5 in) and diameter of 0.33 m (13 in).

The Tomahawk uses a four surface tail control assembly with anhedral on the stabilators, whereas the Kh-55 uses only three larger surfaces, with more pronounced anhedral, a configuration since adopted in the new Block IV RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk Land Attack Missile. The largely symmetrical aft fuselage of the Tomahawk differs from the more pronounced sculpting of the Kh-55 aft fuselage.

The cylindrical fuselage configuration is essentially the same for both designs. The Tomahawk has a 21 in diameter, the Kh-55 a 20.5 in diameter, the Tomahawk weighed 2,700 lb at launch, the Kh-55 2,870 lb. The later blocks of the Tomahawk have a chinned 'Beluga' nose to reduce radar signature, the Kh-55 retains an ogival/spherical nose.

The baseline guidance package on both missiles is designed around a digital computer running Kalman filter and TERCOM software, with an onboard memory storing a digital map, coupled to a radar altimeter for terrain profiling and a low drift inertial unit. Tomahawks later acquired an optical Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator and GPS - the Soviet had DSMAC technology but it has never been disclosed whether this was added to the Kh-55 series. The cited designation for the Kh-55 guidance package is the Sprut and BSU-55.

Like the Tomahawk, the Kh-55 spawned a range of derivatives, unlike the Tomahawk the Kh-55 became the dominant air launched weapon.

The first generation of Kh-55s appeared in three configurations, entering service in 1984. The 'Izdeliye 120' Kh-55 / AS-15A was air launched from the Tu-95MS using a MKU-6-5 rotary launcher and external pylons.

The air launched Kh-55 was followed by the improved 'Izdeliye 124' Kh-55OK, which was supplanted in production by the most capable 'Izdeliye 125' Kh-55SM / AS-15B subtype in 1987.

The aim of the Kh-55SM design was to further extend the striking range of the basic missile, cited at 1,350 NMI (2,500 km). This was achieved by adding a pair of conformal fuselage fuel tanks, which increased launch weight to 3,750 lb (1,700 kg), but increased cruise range to 1,620 NMI (3,000 km) with a 200 kT warhead fitted.

A conventional derivative of the Kh-55, designated the Kh-555, was recently announced. A lightweight shorter ranging derivative weapon, the Kh-65, has been actively marketed since the 1990s.

For all intents and purposes, the late model Kh-55SM is a heavier and longer ranging equivalent to the BGM-109B Tomahawk, with performance closest to the AGM-86B ALCM.

Tu-160 Blackjack launching a Kh-55SM from its aft bay (Russian MoD).

Stowed Kh-55 / RKV-500A cruise missile.

Stowed Kh-55SM / RKV-500B cruise missile. Note the conformal fuel tanks.

Surface/Subsurface Launched Cruise Missiles

4K40/4K51 P-15/P-21/P-27 Termit / SS-N-2 / SSC-3 Styx

P-15 / SS-N-2C Styx with wings folded (naval variant).

When the Raduga bureau designed the P-15/4K-40 Termit (SS-N-2 Styx) anti-ship missile during the late 1950s, little could they have imagined that it would remain in production a half century later. The weapon's first kill was the Israeli warship Eilat in 1967.

The P-15 / SS-N-2 Styx was a far simpler and very different weapon to the larger P-5/P-6 / SS-N-3 Shaddock, and ended up being produced in many different Soviet variants. The Styx was powered by an Isayev P-15 liquid rocket rated at 1.213-0.554 tonnes thrust, using toxic AK-20K/TG-02 propellant based on the Luftwaffe’s Wasserfall fuel. This highly toxic and corrosive fuel presents serious handling problems in fuelling up and defuelling the missile, the propellant mix comprising AK-20K/F oxidiser (80% nitric acid, 20% N₂O₄ with fluorine or iodine additives) and TG02 fuel (50% xylidine and 50% triethylamine).

The Styx is armed with a 4G15 1,100 lb (513 kg) shaped charge warhead and mostly fitted with a conically scanning active radar seeker. The 2 – 2.5 tonne launch weight Styx was subsonic, with a range of up to 50 nautical miles, flying a shallow climb/dive profile at 0.9 Mach, and pre-programmed midcourse cruise altitudes of 25, 50 and 250 metres. Midcourse guidance used an inertial autopilot, with two terminal seekers available, The P-15TG infrared homing seeker was supplanted in production P-27 / SS-N-2D missiles by the Snegir M seeker, and the widely used active radar seeker was used for all weather operations.

The P-15 Styx was rapidly deployed on Osa and Komar class fast missile boats, later replaced by improved P-15M rounds. Later P-15U and P-27 Styx variants were carried by Tarantul Corvettes, Kashin destroyers, and Koni class frigates.

The 4K51 Rubezh / SSC-3  coastal defence system was also very widely exported. The 3P51 TELAR is based on the MAZ-543 8 x 8 chassis, and uses a trainable elevating two round launcher with a unique KT-161 launch tube design. Two radar configurations exist. Export systems are typically equipped with the same Square Tie search and fire control radar as fitted to corvettes and fast missile boats. Late models employed the 3Ts25E Garpun E targeting system, which combines an X-band radar component with a passive targeting system which operates between 0.8 and 12 GHz against pulsed and CW emitters, with an accuracy of 0.5 - 1.5°.

China reverse engineered the Styx as the Silkworm, and derivatives of this weapon remain currently in production.

While the Styx is widely regarded to be obsolete today, and too large and slow to penetrate modern defences on warships, the missile remains strategically important, due to its lethality and wide deployment. Used against transports, tankers, amphibious ships and other targets without defensive systems, the missile is highly lethal. Not only does it carry a large warhead, but the unburned hypergolic fuel produces considerable incendiary effect.

Specifications
	П-15	П-15М "Термит"
Длина ракеты с ускорителем, м	6.55	6.50
Диаметр корпуса, м	0.76	0.78
Стартовый вес ракеты, кг	2125	2523
Тяга двигателя, кгс	1217 / 515	1217 / 515
Тяга, Стартовый двигатель, кгс	29,000	29,000
Вес стартового ускорителя, кг	340	340
Вес боевой части, кг	480	513
Дальность обнаружения цели типа эсминец, км	24	40 (загоризонтный режим - 100)
Дальность стрельбы максимальная, км	35-40	80
Дальность стрельбы минимальная, км	8	8
Маршевая скорость, м/с	320	320
Высота полета, м	100-200	25-50
Source: http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/p15/p15.shtml

A Styx round undergoing maintenance. The warhead bay is open and the cylindrical shaped charge has been removed (via Raketnaya Tekhnika).

P-15 Styx (naval variant).

P-15 Styx  load/unload in launch tube (naval variant).

4K40/4K51 Rubezh Coastal Defence System

Launch of the 4K51 Rubezh (SSC-3) coastal defence ASCM Styx variant.

P-5/4K48 / P-6/4K44/ P-35/4K88 / SS-N-3 / SSC-1 Sepal/Shaddock

Tu-95RTs Bear D targeting platform. Note the large radome for the bomb bay mounted MTsRS-1 Uspehkh / Big Bulge surface search and ASCM targeting radar, and the ESM antennas for passive ASCM targeting on the aft fuselage (US DoD).

Echo I SSGN (US DoD).



Juliet SSG (US DoD).



Elevated P-6 Launcher.

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4K44B Redut / 4K44 Utyos / SSC-1B Sepal Coastal Defence Systems

---

The Redut was a mobile coastal defence system using an SPU-35B or SPU-35V TEL carrying a single 3M44/P-35B missile round. A mobile 4R45 Skala targeting radar was employed, with three TELs per battery. The system was introduced during the 1960s.

The system was designed to accept targeting inputs from the Tu-95RTs Bear D, Ka-25Ts Hormone helicopters, and Tu-16 Badger variants with compatible downlinks. At the end of the Cold War the four Soviet V-MF fleets deployed a total of 19 battalions, each with 15 to 18 TELs. The TEL was based on the large ZiL-135K/BAZ-135MB 8 x 8 vehicle.

The 4K44 Utyos was a static coastal battery variant of the same system, with relocatable SM-70 two round launchers, and P-35V missiles. It achieved IOC in 1973.

The Sepal variants were deployed especially around the Black Sea, with detachments also pre-positioned in Bulgaria, and the system was exported to Syria, according to Russian sources.

SPU-35B / SSC-1 Sepal TEL launching (via Russian Internet).



A pair of SPU-35B / SSC-1 Sepal TELs launching (via Russian Internet).



SPU-35B / SSC-1 Sepal TEL for and aft views (via Russian Internet).



SPU-35B / SSC-1 Sepal TEL launch tube (via Russian Internet).

P-70 / 4K66 Ametist / SS-N-7 Starbright

Development of the P-70 / 4K66 Ametist or SS-N-7 Starbright, was initiated in 1959,  with the intent of producing a missile capable of launch from a submerged SSGN, to avoid the vulnerabilities observed with the Echo I/II submarines armed the P-5/P-6/P-35 / SS-N-3 Shaddock family of missiles.

The design employed new technology in the 293P solid propellant sustainer burning NMF-2 or LTS-2KM propellant, with a large four element solid rocket booster pack used for launch. The missile could be launched from a depth of 30 to 40 metres, from a slanted launch tube which was flooded before the missile was fired. The boosters had separate nozzles for underwater propulsion, and atmospheric boost.

A 4G66 shaped charge warhead was used, and an active radar or according to some US sources, an anti-radiation terminal seeker. In operation the Project 670 / Skat / Charlie I class SSGN, of which a dozen were built, would either ambush or stalk its quarry, launching the fire-and-forget Ametist from 40 nautical miles, this taking up to three minutes for a complete salvo.

The P-70 / 4K66 Ametist missile would cruise at 200 ft AMSL subsonic, diving for impact. A nuclear warhead was optional. The principal limitation of the missile was its limited range, exposing the launching SSGN to CVBG defensive SSN patrols and ASW aircraft.

The Charlie I class boats were decommissioned and scrapped during the early 1990s.

Описание
Разработчик		ЦКБМ
Обозначение	комплекс	П-70
	ракета	4К66
Обозначение NATO		SS-N-7 «Starbright»
Первый пуск		июль 1961
Тип ГСН		инерциальная + радиолокационная
Тип ПУ		контейнерная СМ-101, СМ-107, СМ-97, СМ-97А
КАСУ		«Брест»
Подводные лодки-носители (номера проектов)		661, 661М, 684, 686 (705А), 669, 670, 613А
Геометрические и массовые характеристики
Длина, м		7,0
Размах крыла, м
Диаметр корпуса, м		0,55
Высота, м
Стартовый вес, кг		3650
Полетный вес, кг		2700-2900
Тип боеголовки		фугасно-кумулятивная или ядерная (200 кт)
Масса БЧ, кг		1000
Силовая установка
Двигатель		РДТТ 293-П
Тяга, кгс (кН)
Тип стартового двигателя		РДТТ
Летные данные
Скорость, км/ч (М=)		1160
Максимальная дальность стрельбы, км		80
Высота полета, м	маршевая	60
	в районе цели
Source: http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/chelomei/p/70/index_1.htm

The right foreground is occupied with the solid rocket launch booster pack.

P-120 / 4K85 Malakhit / SS-N-9 Siren

The P-120 / 4K85  Malakhit was developed as a larger and longer ranging sibling to the P-70, with the intention of arming the Papa class SSGN, which never entered series production, with the six Project 670M Skat M / Charlie II SSGNs taking its place as the principal delivery system.

P-120 / 4K85  Malakhit was also deployed on the Nanuchka and Tarantul corvettes during the early 1970s, replacing the Styx. The P-120 followed the concept of the P-70, but used a much better active radar seeker and could hit targets at 80 nautical miles. Cruise  altitude was, like the P-70, set at ~200 ft AMSL.

Russian sources claim that a Drofa adjunct infrared seeker was employed to improve countermeasures resistance during terminal homing, the seeker was installed in a ventral pod.

The Charlie II class boats were decommissioned and scrapped during the early 1990s. The weapon remains deployed on smaller surface combatants. A P-120 was apparently fired successfully at a Georgian naval vessel in 2008.

Описание
Разработчик		ЦКБМ (НПОМ)
Обозначение	комплекс	П-120
	ракета	4К85
Обозначение NATO		SS-N-9 «Siren»
Первый пуск		июль 1961
Тип ГСН		инерциальная (ИНС) + радиолокационная (АРЛГСН)
Тип ПУ		контейнерная СМ-156
КАСУ		«Дельфин»
Надводные корабли-носители (номера проектов)		1234, 12341,1240
Подводные лодки-носители (номера проектов)		670М, 686 (705А), 688
Геометрические и массовые характеристики
Длина, м		9,15 (8,84-9,0)
Размах крыла, м		2,5
Диаметр корпуса, м		0,8
Высота, м
Стартовый вес, кг		3800 (3200)
Полетный вес, кг
Тип боеголовки		фугасно-кумулятивная или ядерная (200 кт)
Масса БЧ, кг		840
Силовая установка
Двигатель		РДТТ
Тяга, кгс (кН)
Тип стартового двигателя		ПРД 4Л85 (4Л86)
Летные данные
Скорость, км/ч (М=)		(0,9)
Дальность стрельбы, км		15-110 (120-150)
Высота полета, м	маршевая	60
	в районе цели
Source: http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/chelomei/p/120/index.htm

Loading a P-120 Malakhit / SS-N-9 Siren (Black Sea Fleet website).

P-120 Malakhit / SS-N-9 Siren (Chelomei bureau).

Some Tarantul boats were retrofitted with the P-120 Malakhit / SS-N-9 Siren, replacing the legacy P-21 Termit / SS-N-2 Styx (US DoD).

P-500 / 4K77 / 4K80 Bazalt / SS-N-12 Sandbox

Sandbox launchers on a Slava class cruiser (US DoD).

P-1000 / 3M70 Vulkan / SS-N-12 Mod 2 Sandbox

P-1000 Vulkan on display.

Echo II SSGN (US DoD).

P-700 / 3K45 Granit / SS-N-19 Shipwreck

The V-MF’s planners were not satisfied with the lethality or survivability of P-70 Ametyst / SS-N-7 Starbright, P-120 Malakhit / SS-N-9 Siren, or the P-500 Basalt / SS-N-12 Sandbox, and by the mid 1970s sought the development of the P-700 Granit / SS-N-19 Shipwreck, intended as the primary armament for SSGNs and surface combatants. The P-700 Granit is carried by the massive Oscar II class SSGN.

This 7 tonne launch weight 300 nautical mile range Mach 2.5 turbojet missile was deployed also on the Kirov class battlecruisers and Type 1143.5 Kuznetsov class aircraft carrier. Some Russian sources also claim deployment on the late model Victor III SSN but there is little evidence to support this claim.

The missile and fire control system introduced numerous innovations. A digital weapon system fused tracking data from numerous sensors, automatically prioritised targets, and allocated missiles. The design was intended to assign search boxes for the missile seekers to ensure that only the highest priority targets were acquired, and lower priority targets rejected, and to ensure deconfliction between missiles.

The missile airframe was designed for sustained supersonic cruise at low altitudes. The KR-93 turbojet powerplant was initiated once the missile achieved the required airspeed, initial thrust being provided by the jettisonable booster which was ignited in the launch tube. An active radar seeker was carried in the nose, and inertial midcourse guidance employed. A 750 kg conventional or 500 kilotonne nuclear warhead was fitted.

The conventionally armed variant has a range of 300 NMI, the nuclear variant 340 NMI. The missile flies a lo-hi-lo profile, at Mach 2.5 at altitude and Mach 1.5 during the terminal phase.

The Oscar class SSGNs carry 20 rounds in launch tubes angled at 47º. These are flooded prior to launch.

Описание
Разработчик		ЦКБМ
Обозначение	комплекс	П-700 «Гранит»
	ракета	3М45
Обозначение NATO		SS-N-19 «Shipwreck»
Первый пуск		1975
Система управления		инерциальная с активным радиолокационным конечным наведением
Геометрические и массовые характеристики
Длина, м		10
Размах крыла, м		2,6
Диаметр, м		0,85
Стартовый вес, кг		7000
Тип боеголовки		фугасно-кумулятивная	ядерная (500 кт)
Масса БЧ, кг		750
Силовая установка
Маршевый двигатель		ТРД КР-93
Тяга, кгс (кН)
Стартово-разгонная ступень		твердотопливная
Летные данные
Скорость, км/ч (М=)	на высоте	2800 (2,5)
	у земли	(1,5)
Дальность пуска, км		550 (625)
Маршевая высота полета, м

P-700 Granit being unloaded from the Oscar II class SSGN Kursk.

Above and below, the massive Oscar II class SSGN armed with a battery of P-700 Granit ASCMs (US DoD).

P-270 / 3M80/3M82/Kh-41 Moskit E/E1/MVE / SS-N-22 Sunburn

The Raduga 3M80, 3M82 and Kh-41 Moskit / SS-N-22 Sunburn are all variants of the same 4.5 tonne supersonic rocket-ramjet missile. This weapon is the primary armament of the PLA-N's new 956E Sovremennyy class destroyers and is credited with a range between 50 and 120 nautical miles.

More recently it has been integrated on the Project 12421 Molniya class missile boats, which carry four rounds.

An air launch centreline tunnel adaptor enables Su-27/30 family strike fighters to carry a single round and this configuration has been displayed on the navalised Su-33, and more recently advertised on the land based Su-35BM Flanker variants.

A coastal defence variant labelled the Moskit E is in development, with a two round TEL based on the MZKT-7930 chassis.

Inertial midcourse guidance is supplemented with an Altair active radar seeker - there are no reports to date of land attack derivatives. The missile is powered by a Turayevo 3D83 ramjet

Unlike subsonic Western anti-ship missiles such as the Harpoon and Exocet, the Moskit is a supersonic sea-skimmer. It can be programmed to fly a high altitude trajectory at Mach 3, or a sea-skimming trajectory at Mach 2.2. If the sea skimming mode is chosen, the missile will be first detected by a warship under attack when it emerges over the horizon at a distance of about 15 to 25 nautical miles. This provides the defences on the ship with about 25-60 seconds of warning time before impact. The raw speed of the Moskit makes it a challenging target for most shipboard defences. All variants use the KTRV-Detal 3A-81E-01 series radar altimeter, similar to the design used in the Kh-59ME / AS-18 Kazoo.

Terminal phase approach to targets is at 10 - 20 m AMSL.

Manufacturer datasheets state the following capabilities for the Moskit E system:

• Ability to engage surface targets including warships, transports and ACVs with speeds of up to 100 knots.
• Ability to engage targets at sea states of up to 6, and low signature targets at states of up to 5.
• Wind speeds of up to 20 m/s.
• The fire control system performs automatic test of missiles pre-launch, and can manage and allocate missiles for up to 4 targets.
• The missile launch tubes can be deployed on a vessel for up to 18 months without servicing.
• The 3M-80E and 3M-80E1 missile seeker has active radar and passive anti-radiation homing capability [likely band limited by antenna design].

The most recent variant is the improved Moskit MVE system:

• Ability to fly pre-programmed composite profiles comprising high and low altitude segments.
• Range on a low altitude profile of up to 140 km.
• Range on a composite flight profile of to 240 km.

Specifications
Дальность стрельбы, кm
минимальная:	10
максимальная:
для ракеты 3М-80Е	120
для ракеты 3М-80Е1	100
Скорость полета ракеты, км/ч	2800
Высота полета ракеты на маршевом участке траектории, м	20
Сектор стрельбы от диаметральной плоскости корабля, град	60
Время готовности комплекса к стрельбе, с
от момента подачи питания на ракеты до старта первой ракеты	50
из состояния повышенной готовности	11
Интервал стрельбы при залповом пуске ракет, с	5
Стартовая масса, кг
ракеты 3М-80Е	4150
ракеты 3М-80Е1	3970
Боевая часть	проникающего типа
Масса боевой части, кг	300
Габаритные размеры, м
длина	9,385
диаметр фюзеляжа	0,8
размах крыла	2,1
Диаметр окружности, описываемый вокруг ракеты со сложенными консолями крыла и оперением, м	1,3

3M24/Kh-35E/UE Uran / AS-20 / SS-N-25 Switchblade

Dubbed the Kharpunski the Kh-35U Uran (AS-20 Kayak/SS-N-25 Switchblade) is the Russian equivalent to the US RGM-84/AGM-84 Harpoon. An ARGS-35 active radar seeker is used. The missile is available in surface launched and air launched versions (AKU-58 adaptor) and was publicly canvassed as an option for India's Tu-142 Bear upgrade - it is already deployed on the New Delhi class DDG, reports indicate China ordered in 2001.

The latest extended range Kh-35UE variant employs an inertial navigation unit, a Glonass receiver, and an active radar seeker with a passive anti-radiation homing capability, the latter with a cited acquisition range of 50 km. The Glonass receiver provides a secondary capability to attack fixed coastal targets, not unlike later blocks of the AGM-84 Harpoon. the seeker can acquire targets at sea state 6.

All variants employ a Radar MMS designed ARGS-35E active radar seeker designed for attacks on maritime targets. The ARGS-35E has a cited range of 20 km, and employs a gimballed slotted planar array antenna which is steered ±45° in azimuth and +10° to -20° in elevation. This seeker design is likely to be closely related to the ARGS-54 and ARGS-14 series seekers developed by Radar MMS for the Novator Club / SS-N-27 Sizzler family of missiles. All variants use the KTRV-Detal RVE radar altimeter, which operates at altitudes between 1 metre and 5,000 metres, and is similar to the design used in the 3M-54 / SS-N-27 Sizzler.

Основные тактико-технические характеристики
Дальность пуска, км (Х-35Э) Диапазон дальностей пуска, км   (Х-35УЭ)	до 130 7-260
Высота полёта, м: на маршевом участке на конечном участке	10-15 4
Скорость полёта	соответствует М=0,8- 0,85
Стартовая масса, кг: в варианте корабельного (берегового) базирования в варианте базирования самолёт/вертолёт	600 520/610
Боевая часть	осколочно-фугасная проникающего типа
Масса боевой части, кг	145
Длина ракеты, м: в корабельном (вертолётном) варианте в самолётном варианте	4,4 3,85
Длина х диаметр х размах крыла ракеты, самолетного базирования, м:	3,85 х 0,42 х 1,33
Условия пуска: - с самолета: диапазоны высот, км/скоростей (М) - с вертолета: диапазоны высот, км/скоростей (М)	0,2 – 10 / 0,35 – 0,9 0,1 – 3,5 / 0 – 0,25

Основные тактико-технические характеристики Х-35Э
Диапазон дальностей стрельбы, км	5-130
Одновременная предстартовая подготовка, количество ракет	от 1 до 16
Время готовности из полностью выключенного состояния, секунд	90
Интервал пуска ракет в любом составе залпа, секунд	2-3
Максимальный угол послестартового разворота ракеты в горизонтальной плоскости, градусов	±90
Количество одновременно обстреливаемых целей	до 6
Метеоусловия применения	любые при волнении моря до 5-6 балов
Габариты транспортно-пускового контейнера (длина; ширина; высота), мм	(4690; 892; 965)
Масса комплекса (2 пусковые установки по 4 контейнера), т	12

Bal E Coastal Defence System

The Bal E is the replacement for the Rubezh coastal defence system. This design departs from the arrangement of the Rubezh,  the new weapon system is designed around an 8 round TEL armed with the 3M-24 Uran ASCM and a separate command/control and targeting vehicle. Like the Rubezh, the Bal E employs a command and control vehicle equipped with an acquisition and targeting radar, and a telescoping datalink mast to network the TELs. While demonstrators were built on the MAZ-7910 chassis, production vehicles use the MZKT-7930 chassis. The stated CONOPS for the Bal E is for batteries to produce saturation missile attacks against hostile amphibious forces.

Production Bal E TEL using MZKT-7930 chassis. Demonstrator on MAZ-7910 [Click here].

Bal E transloader/transporter vehicle on MZKT-7930 chassis.

P-800 3K55/Kh-61 Oniks/Yakhont / SS-N-26 Stallion

PJ-10 Brahmos A/S / SS-N-26 Stallion

The shining star in the current export lineup of Russian weapons is the NPO Mashinostroyenia
Yakhont, recently licenced by India as the Brahmos A and Brahmos S. China is reported to have purchased the baseline 3M-55 for a number of naval vessels.

The OKB-52 3K-55/3M-55 Yakhont (SS-N-26) is like the Moskit a complete family of supersonic rocket-ramjet missiles. Ship, submarine, air and ground launched variants exist. The missile weighs 3 tonnes at launch, and uses a liquid propellant for the ramjet which propels it at speeds between Mach 2.0 and 2.5. The Yakhont typically cruises to the target area at high altitude, and then descends for a sea skimming attack from under the horizon. The distance at which it begins its descent can be programmed before launch, this determining the achievable range which is between 65 and 160 nautical miles, all variants use the KTRV-Detal K313 radar altimeter, which operates at altitudes between 1 metre and 5,000 metres. (Also refer Tsarev V., Melnikov V., 'Yakhont - New Generation Antiship Missile', Military Parade, Exclusives, 2000.).

The Granit-Elektron seeker for the Yakhont family of missiles is one of the most sophisticated Russian digital designs seen to date. The manufacturer describes the monopulse seeker as providing a dual mode active and passive anti-radiation homing capability. In active mode the seeker provides a wideband frequency agile waveform with a pseudorandomly varied spread spectrum modulation. The design is claimed to be resistant to chaff and a number of angle/range deception jamming techniques. The seeker can acquire and track targets in sea states up to 7.

Indian promotional materials indicate guidance improvements to the Brahmos over the original design, and the intent to deploy shipboard, mobile coastal defence and air delivered variants. There has also been speculation about a land attack or dual role variant, requiring a more accurate midcourse navigation system.

At 6,000+ lb launch weight, the Yakhont/Brahmos would be carried by Su-27/30 on a centreline adaptor.

Дальность стрельбы,км:             - по комбинированной траектории             - по низковысотной траектории	300   120
Высота полета,м:             - на маршевом участке траектории             - на низковысотной траектории             - у цели	14000-15000   10-15   5-15
Скорость полета:             - на высоте 15км             - на низковысотной траектории	750м/c (2.6М)   2.0М
Длина ракеты, мм (корабельный вариант)	8000
Длина ракеты, мм (авиационный вариант)	6100
Длина ТПК, мм (авиационный вариант)	8900
Размах крыльев , мм	1700
Стартовый вес ,кг
-авиационный вариант	2500
-корабельный вариант	3000
Вес в ТПК ,кг	3900
Боевая часть
Тип	проникающая
Вес,кг	200-250
Головка самонаведения             -дальность действия, км             -угол захвата цели,град             -время готовности,мин             -масса,кг	до 80   +/-45   2   89
Боеготовность комплекса к пуску из холодного состояния аппаратуры носителя, мин	4
Время межрегламентных проверок, год	3
Гарантийный срок эксплуатации, год	7
Source: http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/jakhont/jakhont.shtml
Основные тактико-технические характеристики ГСН
Дальность обнаружения цели в активном режиме	не менее 50 км
Максимальный угол поиска цели	± 45°
Время готовности к работе с момента включения	не более 2 мин
Потребляемый ток по цепи 27 В	не более 38 А
Масса	85 кг
Source: http://granit.air.spb.ru/products/complex/yahont_head/

Granit-Elektron dual mode seeker used in Russian Yakhont and Indian Brahmos ASCMs (Granit -Elektron images).

Production Brahmos TELAR with targeting radar deployed. India has licenced the supersonic ramjet Kh-61 Yakhont as the Brahmos A/S series, a family of ground, sea and air launched cruise missiles. The original Yakhont has been integrated on the Su-30 series (NIC).

Brahmos launch.

Bastion E Coastal Defence System

The Type 667AT Grusha / Yankee Notch class SSGN was dedicated to the carriage of 32 S-10 / 3M-10 Granat nuclear armed cruise missiles. The eight 533 mm tubes used for this purpose were built into the sides of the boat, with the recess around the tube doors visible in this image just aft of the fin (US DoD).

P-900 / 3M54E/AE/E1/AE1 / 3M14E/AE Klub/Kalibr / SS-N-27 Sizzler

3M54E1 Sizzler subsonic ASCM (Novator)

3M54E Sizzler supersonic ASCM. The supersonic kill stage is carried to the target area by a subsonic cruise airframe  (Novator)

The Novator 3M-54 Club (SS-N-27 Sizzler) comprises a complete family of ship (Club N), submarine (Club S) and air launched weapons. Unlike warship launched Moskit and Yakont variants, the Club is designed for launch from a 533 mm torpedo tube, or a vertical launch tube( Refer Military Parade, 2000-1 Exclusives Issue, Kamnev P., 'The Club Missile System').

Five distinct variants of this weapon exist. The basic 3M-54E1 and 3M-14E most closely resemble the US Navy's anti-ship and land attack Tomahawk missile. This weapon has a range of 160 nautical miles and is subsonic.

The 3M-54E1 uses a Radar MMS designed ARGS-54E series active radar seeker and Glonass satellite and inertial guidance, the ARGS-54E has a cited range of 65 km, and employs a gimballed slotted planar array antenna which is steered ±45° in azimuth and +10° to -20° in elevation. All variants use the KTRV-Detal RVE-B radar altimeter, which operates at altitudes between 1 metre and 5,000 metres, and is similar to the design used in the Kh-35 / 3M-24 / SS-N-25 Switchblade.

The land attack 3M-14E employs Glonass satellite and inertial guidance, with a Radar MMS designed ARGS-14E active radar seeker designed for attacks on land targets with sufficient radar contrast. The ARGS-14E has a cited range of 20 km, and employs a gimballed slotted planar array antenna which is steered ±45° in azimuth and +10° to -20° in elevation.

The similarity in seeker cardinal design parameters suggests both designs are closely related to the ARGS-35E series used in the Kh-35U Uran (AS-20 Kayak/SS-N-25 Switchblade).

The more advanced 3M-54E combines the subsonic cruise airframe of the 3M-54E1/3M-14E with a Mach 2.9 rocket propelled guided payload. It also employs the ARGS-54E seeker.

Like its subsonic sibling, it approaches from under the radar horizon using the same radar seeker to detect its target. Once locked on, it discards the cruise airframe, fires its rocket motor, and accelerates to Mach 2.9 at a sea skimming altitude of 15 feet. Novator claim the missile follows a zig-zag flightpath to defeat defences. Both the 3M-54E1 and 3M-54E are small weapons which are difficult to detect on radar, especially should even basic radar signature reduction techniques be applied to them. The 91RE1 and 91RE2 are rocket boosted homing torpedoes, most closely resembling the US ASROC and Sea Lance weapons. All five weapons in this family share a common launch system and thus any ship, submarine or aircraft equipped for these weapons can carry an arbitrary mix.

Press reports indicate that India has fielded this weapon, and there are claims China also ordered in a 'tit-for-tat' deal for planned Kilo SSKs. The air launched variant has been marketed on the Su-32FN/34 but there are no reports as yet of hard sales.

3M14E Sizzler  LACM (Novator)

CONOPS for 3M14E Land Attack Cruise Missile, deployed by SSK/SSG or surface warship. Cited target set is 'weapons storage, POL storage, command posts, port infrastructure and airfields'.

The SS-N-27 has been widely exported on the Kilo SSK, itself a highly successful export. Above, Iranian Kilo, below Kilo internal layout.

Air Launch 3M-54 Club Variants

Air launch canisters for the 3M14AE land attack (upper) and 3M54AE anti-shipping (lower) air launched variants. The canister protects the ACLM during carriage and is jettisoned after the missile deploys.

Air launched variants: upper is supersonic 3M-54AE anti-shipping subtype, centre is subsonic 3M-54AE1  anti-shipping subtype, and lower is the 3M-14AE subsonic land attack missile. The latter two are equivalent to the defunct Tomahawk AGM-109L MRASM.

Digital rendering of the air launched supersonic 3M-54AE being released from an Su-33 Flanker D (Novator).

Digital rendering of the launch sequence for the supersonic 3M-54AE Sizzler. Rather than redesign the missile airframe to accommodate hard points, Novator opted to use a canister not unlike the encapsulated sub launch Harpoon arrangement. Once the canister is clear of the aircraft, the nosecone is jettisoned, the missile ejected, upon which it deploys its wings and tail controls, starts its turbojet engine, and cruises until the target is acquired. Not depicted is the terminal stage of the missile's flight, where the subsonic cruise airframe is jettisoned and the supersonic rocket propelled kill stage engages the target at a speed in excess of 2.5 Mach (Novator).

Digital rendering of a MiG-29K Fulcrum armed with a pair of subsonic 3M-14AE Sizzler land attack cruise missiles (Novator).

Coastal Defence 3M-54 Club Variants

References

1. Moskit-E Missile System, KTRV, URI: http://eng.ktrv.ru/production_eng/323/507/522/
2. URAN-E SHIPBORNE MISSILE SYSTEM WITH KH-35E (3M-24E) ANTISHIP MISSILES, KTRV, URI: http://eng.ktrv.ru/production_eng/323/507/373/